Name : Fiana Shohibatussholihah
NIM :
16110067
First Group
1. How did the id,
ego, and superego works?
a. Id, is a source of all psychic energy so that Id
is a major component in personality. Id is the only component of personality
that is present from birth, the aspect of his personality is conscious and
includes instinctive and primitive behavior. Id is driven by the principle of
pleasure that seeks to fulfill all desires and needs, if it is not fulfilled
there will be anxiety and tension. According to Frued, id try to resolve the
tension created by the principle of pleasure with the main process involving
the process of forming the mental image of the desired object as a way to
satisfy needs. For example, when you feel hungry or thirsty, you will
immediately fulfill those needs by eating or drinking until the id is
fulfilled.
b. Ego, is a component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality. According to Freud, the ego develops from
the id and ensures that the impulse of the id can be expressed in a way that is
acceptable in the real world. Ego functions both in the conscious, pre-conscious
and unconscious mind. Ego operates according to a secondary process. The
purpose of the secondary process is to prevent the occurrence of voltage until
the discovery of an object that is suitable for satisfying needs. In other
words the function of the ego is to filter out the impulses that Id want to
satisfy based on reality.
c. Superego, is a picture of awareness of the values
and morals of the people planted by customs, religion, parents, and the
environment. Basically the Superego is a conscience, so the Superego provides
guidelines for making judgments, whether right or wrong. Superego is present
consciously, pre-conscious and unconscious. Id, Ego and Superego influence each
other, the ego together with the superego regulates and directs the fulfillment
of id based on the correct rules in society, religion and good or bad behavior.
Second Group
2. Explain about
birth order and sibling relationship in key concept of Adler therapy!
The Adlerian approach is unique in giving
special attention to the relationships between siblings and psychological birth
positions in one's family. Adler identifies several psychological positions from
which children tend to look at life: the oldest, second of only two, middle,
youngest, and only. Birth order is not a deterministic concept but increases
the likelihood of individuals to have a certain set of experiences. The actual
birth order is less important than an individual's interpretation of his place
in the family. Because Adlerians view most human problems as social problems,
they emphasize family relationships as the earliest and, perhaps, our most
influential social systems. Adler observes that many people wonder why children
in the same family are often very different, and he shows that it is a mistake
to assume that children from the same family are formed in the same
environment. Although siblings have similarities in the family constellation,
the psychological situation of each child is different from the others because
of the birth order.
a. The oldest
child, Adler believed
that when a child is born impacts personality. Based on his theory, for
example, the oldest child prone to perfectionism and need for affirmation tends
to become intellectual, conscientious and dominant in social settings. Adler
attributes this to the child losing the parents' undivided attention and
compensating throughout life by working to get it back. In addition, this child
may be expected to set an example and be given responsibility for younger
siblings.
b. The second
child, Adler
describes the second-born child as someone who has a "pacemaker."
Since there is always someone who was there first, this child may grow to be
more competitive, rebellious and consistent in attempting to be best.
c. The Middle
child, may struggle
with figuring out their place in the family and, later, in the world. They are
eager for parental praise and thus tend to develop gifts in the arts or
academia in order to accomplish this goal. Due to their "middle"
status, they also may be the most flexible and diplomatic members of the
family.
d. The Youngest
child, may be
dependent and selfish due to always being taken care of by family members.
However, this child may also possess positive traits of confidence, ability to
have fun and comfort at entertaining others.
e. The Only child, do not have to share their parents'
attention. They may have a hard time when they are told no, and school may be a
difficult transition as they are not the sole focus of the teacher. On a
positive note, Adler believed that, compared to others their age, only children
tend to be more mature, feel more comfortable around adults and even do better
in intellectual and creative pursuits.
3. What is the
meaning of reorientation and reeducation in phase 4 of Adlerian therapy?
Reorientation: Involves shifting rules of
interaction, process, and motivation. This shift is facilitated through changes
in consciousness, which often occur during therapy sessions and which are
transformed into actions outside the office of therapy.
Reeducation: helps people find new and more
functional alternatives. People should be directed to the beneficial side of
life. The useful side of life involves belonging and being values, having
interest in others and their well-being, courage, acceptance of imperfection,
confidence, sense of humor, desire to contribute, and friendly hospitality.
Encouragement is the most distinctive Adlerian procedure and is the center of
all phases of counseling and therapy. As part of the encouragement process,
Adlerians use various cognitive, behavioral, and experiential techniques to
help clients identify and challenge self-defeating cognitions, generate
alternative perceptions, and use assets, strengths, and resources. Clients are
encouraged to "as if" they are the people they want. Clients are
asked to capture themselves in the process of repeating old patterns.
Commitment is an important part of this process. Adlerian practitioners focus
on motivational modification more than behavior change and encourage clients to
make holistic changes on the beneficial side of life.
Third Group
4. Mention 3
proporsitions of view of human nature in existential therapy!
3 proporsitions of view of human nature in
this therapy are:
a. The capacity
for self-awareness
b. Freedom and
responsibility
c. Striving for
identity and relationship to others
5. Mention and
explain the phases of existential therapy?
a. The initial
phase of counseling, the therapist helps clients identify and clarify their assumptions about
the world. Clients are invited to define and question how they perceive and
understand their existence. They examine their values, beliefs, and assumptions
to determine their validity. This is a difficult task for many clients because
at first they can present their problems as a result almost entirely of
external causes. They may focus on what other people "make them feel"
or on how other people are largely responsible for their actions or inaction.
Counselors teach them how to reflect on their own existence and to examine
their role in creating their problems in life.
b. The middle
phase of existential counseling, helped clients more fully examine the current source and value system
authority. This process of self-exploration usually leads to new insights and
some restructuring of values and attitudes. Individuals get a better idea of
life like what they think is worth living and develop a clearer sense of
their internal assessment process.
c. The last phase
of existential counseling, focuses on helping people take what they learn about themselves and make
it happen. Transformation is not limited to what happens during hours of
therapy. Hours of therapy are small contributions to one's new involvement with
life, or lifelong training. The goal of therapy is to allow clients to find
ways to apply values that are examined and internalized concretely between
sessions and after therapy is stopped. Clients usually find their strengths and
find ways to place them to serve a purposeful life.
Fourth Group
6. How is the view
of human nature based on Person-Centered therapy?
View of human nature in this therapy is a
basic sense of trust in the client's ability to move forward constructively if
there are conditions that encourage growth. Rogers argues that people can be
trusted, a lot of reason, able to understand themselves and direct themselves,
able to make constructive change, and able to live an effective and productive
life. When a therapist can experience and communicate reality, support, caring,
and non-judgmental understanding, a significant change in the client is likely
to occur.
7. How the
therapist can receive the client based on Person-Centered therapy?
The therapist can receive the client if the therapists
do not believe the purpose of therapy is just to solve the problem. Instead,
the goal is to help clients in their growth process so that clients can better
solve problems when they identify them. Then the therapist provides a conducive
climate to help individuals struggle towards self-actualization. Before clients
can work towards that goal, clients must first remove the masks they wear,
which they develop through the socialization process. The client realizes that
clients lose contact with themselves by using facades. In the climate of
security in therapy sessions, they also realize that there are more authentic
ways.
Fifth Group
8. What is the
Gestalt therapy emphasized using the “What” and “How” questions rather than
using the “Why” question?
‘What’
and ‘How’ questions are used so that the client is more precise in expressing
what answers client realized when the therapy session began. This question will
help the counselor to deepen the client's awareness of these body thoughts,
feelings, sensations, or insights through related experiments for the client. Because,
the client in Gestalt therapy has been influenced by cultural messages that has
accepted before. The counselor asks clients to examine introjection to assess
their usefulness in their current situation. Even though the client may decide
to maintain the valued cultural aspects, the client is in a position to modify
or reject other cultural expectations. Of course, this will be done when this
problem arises in the foreground of his work.
Sixth Group
9. Explain the
basic goal of Reality therapy!
The basic goal of reality therapy is to help
client learn better ways to fulfill their needs associated with getting connect
or reconnect with the people they have chosen to put in their quality world,
including achievement, power of inner control, freedom and fun. The basic human
needs serve to make focus treatment planning and setting short- and long-term
goals.
10. Explain about
the cycle of counseling in Reality therapy!
Cycle of counseling consist of two major
components: Creating the counseling environment and implementing specific
procedures that lead to changes in behavior. The art of counseling is to
tighten the components together by directing clients to evaluate their lives
and decide to move in a more effective direction. The steps to blend the components
in the counseling process:
1. Creating a
working relationship with clients.
2. Exploring
client's wants, needs, and perceptions.
3. Clients explore
their total behavior and make their own evaluation of how effective they are in
getting what they want.
4. If clients
decide to try new behavior, they make plans that will lead to change, and they
commit themselves to those plans.
Although the concept seems simple, to practice it requires great
skill and creativity. In theory, the concept will be used by various
counselors, but how to apply it can differ depending on the style and personal
characteristics of the counselor. The method applied to the client adapts to
what the client presents.
mohon maaf kalau jawabannya ada yang salah, karena penulis pun masih belajar. :)
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